Phosphorus Facts - Element Characteristics Properties

Phosphorus is a reactive nonmetal with element symbol P and atomic number 15. It is one of the essential elements in the human body and is widely encountered in products such as fertilizers, pesticides, and detergents. Learn more about this important element. Phosphorus  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 15 Symbol: P Atomic Weight: 30.973762 Discovery: Hennig Brand, 1669 (Germany) Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p3 Word Origin: Greek: phosphoros: light-bearing, also, the ancient name given the planet Venus before sunrise. Properties: The melting point of phosphorus (white) is 44.1 °C, boiling point (white) is 280 °C, specific gravity (white) is 1.82, (red) 2.20, (black) 2.25-2.69, with a valence of 3 or 5. There are four allotropic forms of phosphorus: two forms of white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus exhibits a and b modifications, with a transition temperature between the two forms at -3.8 °C. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid. It is colorless and transparent in its pure form. Phosphorus is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. Phosphorus burns spontaneously in air to its pentoxide. It is highly poisonous, with a lethal dose of ~50 mg. White phosphorus should be stored under water and handled with forceps. It causes severe burns when in contact with skin. White phosphorus is converted to red phosphorus when exposed to sunlight or heated in its own vapor to 250 °C. Unlike white phosphorus, red phosphorus does not glow or burn in air, although it still requires careful handling. Uses: Red phosphorus, which is relatively stable, is used to make safety matches, tracer bullets, incendiary devices, pesticides, pyrotechnic devices, and many other products. There is a high demand for phosphates for use as fertilizers. Phosphates are also used to make certain glasses (e.g., for sodium lamps). Trisodium phosphate is used as a cleaner, water softener, and scale/corrosion inhibitor. Bone ash (calcium phosphate) is used to make chinaware and to make monocalcium phosphate for baking powder. Phosphorus is used to make steels and phosphor bronze and is added to other alloys. There are many uses for organic phosphorus compounds. Biological Activity: Phosphorus is an essential element in plant and animal cytoplasm. In humans, it is essential for proper skeletal and nervous system formation and function. Phosphate deficiency is called hypophosphatemia. It is characterized by low soluble phosphate levels in serum. Symptoms include disruption of muscle and blood function due to insufficient ATP. An excess of phosphorus, in contrast, leads to organ and soft tissue calcification. One symptom is diarrhea. The estimated average requirement for dietary phosphorus for adults age 19 and older is 580 mg/day. Good dietary sources of phosphorus include meat, milk, and soy beans. Element Classification: Non-Metal Phosphorus Physical Data Isotopes: Phosphorus has 22 known isotopes. P-31 is the only stable isotope. Density (g/cc): 1.82 (white phosphorus) Melting Point (K): 317.3 Boiling Point (K): 553 Appearance: white phosphorus is a waxy, phosphorescent solid Atomic Radius (pm): 128 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 17.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 106 Ionic Radius: 35 (5e) 212 (-3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.757 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 2.51 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 49.8 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.19 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1011.2 Oxidation States: 5, 3, -3 Lattice Structure: Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 7.170 CAS Registry Number: 7723-14-0 The glow of phosphorus in air is chemiluminescence and not phosphorescence. cloverphoto / Getty Images Phosphorus Trivia: Hennig Brand isolated phosphorus from urine. He kept his process a secret, choosing instead to sell the process to other alchemists. His process became more widely known when it was sold to the French Academy of Sciences.Brands technique was replaced by Carl Wilhelm Scheeles method of extracting phosphorus from bones.The oxidation of white phosphorus in air produces a green glow. Although the term phosphorescence refers to the elements glow, the true process is oxidation. The glow of phosphorus is a form of chemiluminescence.Phosphorus is the sixth most common element in the human body.Phosphorus is the seventh most common element in the Earths crust.Phosphorus is the eighteenth most common element in seawater.An early form of matches used white phosphorus in the match head. This practice gave rise to a painful and debilitating deformation of the jawbone known as phossy jaw to workers when over-exposed to white phosphorus. Sources Egon Wiberg; Nils Wiberg; Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. pp. 683–684, 689. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Ed.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Hammond, C. R. (2000). The Elements. in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4.Vanzee, Richard J.; Khan, Ahsan U. (1976). The phosphorescence of phosphorus. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 80 (20): 2240. doi:10.1021/j100561a021Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two...

Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Heroism is a trait that we seem to have no problem identifying, yet when asked to define what a hero is a myriad of answers emerge. This phenomenon is not unique to today’s society; the definition of a hero is something that is constantly under revision and debate. An example of this can be seen in two older pieces of English literature: Beowulf, written circa 750-900, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written circa 1375-1400. These stories both have a main character that possesses heroic qualities, many of which are very similar. Gawain’s identity as a hero is not clearly demonstrated, but when compared with Beowulf, who is demonstrated to be a hero, hiss merits†¦show more content†¦One such way this was done was by having neither of the main characters as all powerful rulers; in fact each Beowulf and Gawain served some sort of higher authority. Beowulf, throughout approximately 2/3 of the story serves Hrothgar. Similarly, Gawain was not ruler of his domain but served King Arthur. It is important to note that while both served other men, they were not themselves servants. Beowulf traveled from his land to assist in the destruction of Grendel, and Gawain chose to be a knight of the Round Table and indeed viewed his service to Arthur and his kingdom as an honor. By the construct of having both main characters serve others, the author has created more capacity for heroism to become apparent. If the President of the United States were to prevent nuclear war, the people would obviously be relieved and grateful that he fulfilled his duty. If a soldier on the field accomplished the same task, he would be regarded as a true hero. Transcending one’s traditional role and going above and beyond is a characteristic which helps to set heroes apart from other people. Sir Gawain goes above and beyond his role when declaring his intention to battle the Green Knight. â€Å"I would come to your counsel before your court noble. /For I find it not fit, as in faith it is known, /WhenShow MoreRelatedUnit: The Changing Australian Voice (The Man from Snowy River and Municipal Gum)1363 Words   |  6 PagesASSESSMENT RATIONALE UNIT: THE CHANGING AUSTRALIAN VOICE [NAME REDACTED] GIRRAWEEN HIGH SCHOOL Task Requirements Task: You are to create a representation of TWO of the poems studied in class and an explanation or rationale of your work. In this task you are to consider the values and assumptions underlying the voice in the poems and explore the effect of changing context on those values and assumptions. 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The United States - 1676 Words

The concept of the United States is so ingrained into the hearts of Americans that it can be hard to imagine when the home of the brave did not exist. However, the early seventeenth century features the origins of a country no one could imagine at the time. It began with James I issuing a charter to the Virginia Company, known then as the London Company, in 1606, but it progressed from that rough start to become the first permanent English colony in North America, located in Jamestown. New additions soon came to what would be the United States: Plymouth in 1620; eastern Massachusetts in 1630; and finally Maryland in 1632. The first two colonized regions of North America by the British, the Chesapeake Bay and New England, faced early†¦show more content†¦All of the colonies had an underlying economic focus, which was personified in several different attempts among the colonies: Maryland’s widespread effort of encouraging settlement, which included policies of religious tolerance and their eventual adoption of a â€Å"headright† system; Virginia’s thriving tobacco production; the Pilgrims’ agricultural industry; and the Puritans’ trade with Native Americans. Both regions had colonies established by private companies with charters, such as the Massachusetts Bay Company in New England or the Virginia Company in the Chesapeake. The Puritans and Pilgrims had another reason for their departure from England: religious persecution, especially from James I. Due to this religious purpose, the two colonies in Massachusetts had more families, which added stability to a colony in its infancy; the Jamestown colony, on the other hand, had few families due to their disregard of the settlement as permanent. In regards to location, neither group was particularly intelligent in choosing a site to live: both Jamestown’s apparently well-calculated spot and Plymouth’s unintentional location were on marshlands. Their poor locat ion along with insufficient food and illness led to surprisingly and devastatingly high death tolls in the first year: 63.5% of Jamestown settlers, half of Plymouth’s population, and a third of the Puritans. Yet, the Jamestown colonies were particularly

Glorious Sceptre Essay Example For Students

Glorious Sceptre Essay Glorious Sceptre The Immortal SceptreWithin the Iliad Homer portrays through association and symbolism the sceptre as a representation of divine power.Agamemnon is the nominal owner of this sceptre, on which much emphasis is placed in the early stages of the poem.This relic, a sceptre once owned by Zeus, has a kingly and divine past and, as a result, is a symbol of authority, power, and recognition within the kingdom of Greece.Homers discussion of the sceptre in Books I and II serves to elucidate these characteristics of the sceptre. In the earlier stages of book II, Homer establishes the godly and noble history of the sceptre.Through a slight digression in the story line, Homer gives the reader a brief overview of its former owners:Hephaistus gave it to Zeus the king, the son of Kronos, and Zeus in turn gave it to the courier Argeiphontes, and lord Hermes gave it to Pelops, driver of horses, and Pelops again gave it to Atreus, the shepherd of the people.Atreus dying left it Thyestes of the rich flocks, and Thyestes left it in turn to Agamemnon to carry and to be lord of many islands over all Argos. (II, 102-109)In naming Hephaistus, Zeus, Hermes, and the kings of Mycenae, Homer describes a legacy that enhances the sceptres image as a token of influence and power.Moreover, it is important to note that the sceptre was not conceived by a mortal, but rather by Hephaistus.Using the wood from a living tree in the mountains, he constructed an immortal device for Zeus.Hephaistus creation of the sceptre both bolsters the notion of the sceptres divinity, and strengthens its image as a symbol of influence and recognition. In Book I of the poem, Achilles takes oath upon the sceptre.In his oath, Achilles states his intent to withdraw from the army and swears that the Achaians will one day regret their irreverence.However, before anything is sworn, Homer has Achilles describe the sceptre by stating that it never again will bear leaf nor branch, now that it has left behind the cut stump in the mountains, nor shall it ever blossom again, since the bronze blade stripped bark and leafage (I, 233-237).Achilles emphasizes the sceptres imperishability and endurance as a symbol.Lacking life and therefore lacking the prospect of death, the sceptre is, in a sense, immortal, giving reason for its divine connotations.In addition, Achilles uses his description of the sceptre to emphasize the gravity of his promise.As the sceptre will never again change in form or function, Achilles oath will remain forever immutable.Later in the poem, Homer characterizes the sceptre as forever immortal (II, 186), reinforcing the noti on that it possesses godly attributes. In the first two books, only the three greatest kings of Greece: Agamemnon, Achilles, and Odysseus, are shown holding the sceptre.This is done, not to say that the privilege of the sceptre is limited to these three men, but rather to emphasize the kingly status associated with it.Each of these three takes the sceptre in hand before making any serious statements or requests in council.Hence, it serves as a gavel denoting distinction, status, and authority. Homer has given the reader a symbol for god-like power in the hands of a mortal man

Failure of Leadership-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Failure of Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Leaders can be defined as the individuals who take on the responsibility of guiding a group of subordinates in order to help them meet the objectives of organizations. The leaders influence and encourage the subordinates in ways by which they can effectively overcome different barriers that come in their ay and reach their goals (Hill Bartol, 2016). Leaders are responsible for helping them realize their potential and make them work beyond their capacity to reach the zenith of success. One of their main weapons is their potential to motivate the employees that help them to overcome different stress and help them deliver their best work (Hojat et al., 2015). Researchers are of the opinion that in order to develop leadership skills, every individual need to reflect regularly on both their positive and negative traits (Saeed et al., 2017). This would help strengthen their positive aspects, overcome different barriers, and modify their negative traits to provide guidance that helps every organization to achieve their mission and vision (Priest Gass, 2017). This assignment will reflect how failed leadership situation helped me to enhance my skills of communication and team management skills helping me for preparing myself for a bright future. The first step of Gibbs reflective cycle is the description of the event. During the placement months, I was assigned the position of a team leader to manage a team of about eight people. I was given an assignment to complete within an assigned date. I called each of the individual of the team and allocated their respective task. One of the members tried to provide me a suggestion stating that rather than assigning one piece of work to one member. I should allocate one place of work to two members that would reduce the chances of failing to meet the deadlines. I did not listen to him completely and cut him out stating that since I am the leader, my orders need to be adhered to. I tried to be very strict with them so that they do not waste their time in gossiping and not doing their work. I did not allow anyone to talk with each other on the floor to maintain discipline. One of the members could not submit me the work and missed the deadline that I had given her. I could not control m y anger and shouted on her following which she never continued me directly on the floor. Moreover, when one of the members came to me and asked me that he was not able to complete their work due to personal issues, I blamed him stating that these are all excuses that he was making for not completing the work. The next day he put forward a resignation letter that made me quite nervous. I became so nervous that I lost my confidence and could not manage the team effectively. Moreover, there arose many situations where huge fights took place between the subordinates where each blamed each other for failure of completion of work. All these resulted in the failure of the assignment and my mentor severely criticized me. The second step mainly says what the individuals was feeling and thinking during the incidences. When I was given the responsibility to complete the assignment with the help of teamwork, I thought that if I have to make the work complete successfully, I need to be quite strict with the subordinate. I thought, if I allow them to communicate and interact on the floor, they would spend most of the time of the day in informal interactions that may result them in failing to meet the requirement. I also thought that they are making excuses as they had wasted their time and required more time to complete the work. I thought if I allow them more time, the assignment will not be completed within time and would thereby fail. The pressures of meeting the deadlines made me nervous and therefore I shouted in anger on the individual who came to me for help. I could not control my emotions that time. I became quite nervous when one of them submitted his resignation, as I could not understand what m istake I had made that resulted in taking him such a big decision. The failure of the entire project made me quite upset and I felt both confused and upset about the reasons that had resulted in failure of the teamwork. The third step of the cycle is the evaluation stage that mainly involves stating what was good and bad about experiences. Many negative factors were associated with the incident. Due to my improper leadership, the subordinates develop a very negative feeling about me. They developed a feeling that I was rude and they decided never to work under my guidance. This created a very negative image of mine that affected my career. Such negative image in the very beginning of my career had the potential to affect my future prospects. Moreover, I lost my self-confidence entirely and could not gain courage to overcome the negative vibes that I was receiving. My mentor who had trust on me and provided me with the opportunity to exhibit my leadership trait was also very upset about the bad performance that I had put forward. I felt very sad for letting down his expectations. However, the positive aspect of the incident was that this incident helped me to realize that my leadership traits were no t up to the mark and I do not have proper knowledge about how to manage a team and lead a team towards success. Therefore, it helped me to realize that I need to work more on my leadership skills and team working skills so that I can become successful in my future leadership projects. The fourth important step is called the analysis step. This step helps individuals to make senses from the situations. After discussing with my mentors as well as after going through several research articles, I realized the mistakes that I had conducted in my leadership. I realized that I do not have proper communication skills. I am an impatient listener and I do not have effective feedback giving and listening skills. Cutting out subordinates in middle of their suggestions make them feel disrespected as they feel that they do not have power or acceptance in the organization (Chuang, Jackson Jiang, 2016). They feel that their suggestions are not respected and this affects employee and teams morale that in turn affects human relations. Moreover, I neither allowed the employees to communicate among them nor arranged for any meetings with effective and constructive feedback giving and receiving sessions in the team. Due to lack of effective communication and encouragement of communic ation from my side, bonding and relationship did not develop. Researchers are of the opinion that rapport building is one of the most importance aspects of teamwork that strengthened human relations in workplace (Kozlowski et al., 2015). The stronger the relationship between employees, the better is productivity as employees not only shared work burden but also engages in informal discussion that releases pressure (Scully, 2015). Emotional turmoil in employees can be handled effectively by proper communication that prevents burnout (Hargett et al., 2017). Besides, I also realized that I have poor emotional intelligence. I have poor self-regulation skills for which I cannot control my emotions properly. Therefore, when I became angry I could not keep myself calm and shouted on the employee that affected her self-respect. Researchers are of the opinion that individuals who have higher self regulation capability can maintain trustworthiness and integrity, openness to change and enjoy c omfort with ambiguity (Hojat et al., 2015). I also did not have poor empathy for which I could not connect with the pain and emotion of the employee who could not complete the work due to personal issues. In place, I was rude with him which made him upset. He felt that the organization does not trust him and cannot pay importance to the concerns and issues he is facing. I also could not motivate and inspire them to work and my leadership trait was more autocratic than transformational. Researchers suggest that transformational leadership in the 21st century is essential to bring out the best productivity where motivation and leading by example is most important (Carter et al., 2015). I was unnecessarily strict with them that affected their self-esteem, their morale and made them burnout easily. Therefore, they were not able to exhibit effective teamwork and even failed to meet the productivity and deadline. The next step is called the conclusion phase where the individual needs to state what else he should have done in the incidents. I should have exhibited proper listening skills and should not have cut down the employees in midst of their suggestions. I should have been empathetic to both the employees who could not complete their work and should have tried to understand their issues and helped them in return. I should have inspired all the members to communicate with each other and arrange or meetings where I would have motivated them to work beyond their capabilities to meet the goals. I should have provided more importance to rapport building among the employees so that they can establish good bonds with each other and show effective teamwork. I should not have been strict with them and in place be friendlier with them by sharing their concerns and guiding them with the work where they were stuck. This would have led to success of the assignments (Dubrin et al., 2015). The next step is called the action plan stages that help individuals to prepare with the action plan that they would apply if the events occur again. When I get such leadership projects form next time, the most important aspect I would pay importance to is rapport building between the employees and effective communication with the employees and among the employees. Researchers are of the opinion that rapport building enhances human relations and helps to overcome stress, pressure, anxiety and emotional turmoil (Matthews McLees, 2015). This aspect also enhances productivity. Moreover, I will arrange for effective constructive feedback sessions every week so that employees can open up to about their concern and disclose their suggestions for each other in a constructive manner. Such sessions would help in developing relationship among the employees (Schaik et al., 2014). Moreover, I will also work on my emotional intelligence attributes so that I can emotionally connect with my subord inates and motivate them to perform the best. From the entire discussion above, it had been easily understood the three aspects which are very important for effective teamwork and leadership helping in developing human relations at workplace. These are effective communication skills, proper rapport building in teamwork and high emotional intelligence. Every leader should develop the mentioned attributes so that they can help their subordinates meet the organization goals and reach the zenith of success References: Carter, D. R., Seely, P. W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L. A., Zaccaro, S. J. (2015). Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes. InLeading global teams(pp. 225-252). Springer, New York, NY. Chuang, C. H., Jackson, S. E., Jiang, Y. (2016). Can knowledge-intensive teamwork be managed? Examining the roles of HRM systems, leadership, and tacit knowledge.Journal of management,42(2), 524-554. DuBrin, A. J. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Hargett, C. W., Doty, J. P., Hauck, J. N., Webb, A. M., Cook, S. H., Tsipis, N. E., ... Taylor, D. C. (2017). Developing a model for effective leadership in healthcare: a concept mapping approach.Journal of Healthcare Leadership,9, 69. Hill, N. S., Bartol, K. M. (2016). Empowering leadership and effective collaboration in geographically dispersed teams.Personnel Psychology,69(1), 159-198. Hojat, M., Michalec, B., Veloski, J. J., Tykocinski, M. L. (2015). Can empathy, other personality attributes, and level of positive social influence in medical school identify potential leaders in medicine?.Academic Medicine,90(4), 505-510. Kozlowski, S. W., Grand, J. A., Baard, S. K., Pearce, M. (2015). Teams, teamwork, and team effectiveness: Implications for human systems integration.The handbook of human systems integration, 535-552. Matthews, R., McLees, J. (2015). Building effective projects teams and teamwork.Journal of Information Technology and Economic Development,6(2), 20. Priest, S., Gass, M. (2017).Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming, 3E. Human Kinetics. Saeed, F., Wall, A., Roberts, C., Riahi, R., Bury, A. (2017). A proposed quantitative methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of Human Element, Leadership and Management (HELM) training in the UK.WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs,16(1), 115-138. Schaik, S. M., O'brien, B. C., Almeida, S. A., Adler, S. R. (2014). Perceptions of interprofessional teamwork in low?acuity settings: a qualitative analysis.Medical education,48(6), 583-592. Scully, N. J. (2015). Leadership in nursing: The importance of recognising inherent values and attributes to secure a positive future for the profession.Collegian,22(4), 439-444. Weinstein, J., Morton, L. H. (2015). Collaboration and teamwork.

Sample Essay on the Rebounding Effect on Elderly - What You Should Know

Sample Essay on the Rebounding Effect on Elderly - What You Should KnowThe Sample Essay on the Rebounding Effect on Elderly, by Jane L. Byers, can prove to be of immense help to students at a college level. This type of literature is good for college students to read to get an idea about the age discrimination that some people in older age groups suffer and also some of the problems that they may face because of it.It is actually easy to understand how and why some seniors suffer from age discrimination. After all, not everyone is born at a specific age. Sometimes, people who start living a long life may be older than their chronological age.Ageism and discrimination can affect even the face and voice. Age discrimination is also known as ageism and can affect more than just our appearance. There are many other factors that can influence how seniors think and how we talk to them.Some older students at a college level were made to feel that they should never be talked to because they w ere too old or they had become too old-looking. Other students who were over 50 were actually made to feel that they were not physically or mentally capable of handling the burden of college life. All these issues have been discussed and debated about. Now that it is out in the open, it is time for us to understand them and do something about it.The Sample Essay on the Rebounding Effect on Elderly is meant for college students and not only for them. For those who are seriously contemplating college, knowing the basic reasons why senior citizens suffer from age discrimination will definitely help. By knowing the reasons why senior citizens suffer, you will also know what your best course of action is going to be when facing any kind of senior citizen discrimination.One of the major reasons that senior citizens suffer from discrimination is because most of them are unable to drive properly. Many of them find it impossible to drive because of some health problem. When the medical pract itioner diagnoses them as being unable to drive, they are generally treated with more prejudice.Another problem that senior citizens face is that they feel less intelligent than those who are younger. Many seniors feel that they can't understand students at the college level and they feel they are not in a position to help them. If they are not able to understand or help the students, they are likely to suffer from social isolation and have even fewer opportunities for educational advancement.So, the Sample Essay on the Rebounding Effect on Elderly can certainly prove to be of great assistance to students who are seriously considering attending college. Even if they are already old, this kind of literature can still be of use to them. By applying the concepts in this kind of literature, you will certainly help seniors gain the benefits that they deserve.

Berlin Brandenburg Airport Project To Report To The Project Board And Critical Reflections On The Role Of Being A Project Manager The WritePass Journal

Berlin Brandenburg Airport Project To Report To The Project Board And Critical Reflections On The Role Of Being A Project Manager Executive Summary Berlin Brandenburg Airport Project To Report To The Project Board And Critical Reflections On The Role Of Being A Project Manager )..   This will help to ensure that the project is implemented in light of the lessons which have been learnt far.   The most important lessons which have been learned so far should be considered at the next Project Board meeting.   These have been identified by reviewing the project’s progress to date (BBC, 2013; Local, 2013).   Therefore the lessons that need to be considered are: The importance of maintaining ongoing communication with all stakeholders (Wang and Huang, 2006). The importance of contingency planning (Anderson and Grude, 2009). The importance of feasibility studies and the appraisal of various management systems e.g. for fire safety or for baggage transportation (Kerzner, 2012) (based on BBC, 2013; Local, 2013). At the next Project Board meeting each of these three factors should be considered, as each one has had a detrimental effect on the project to date (BBC, 2013; Local, 2013). The Board should consider how ongoing communication is managed with stakeholders, as to date the project failures have been widely published (BBC, 2013; Local, 2013).   This has led to concerns being raised over the project’s implementation and the capabilities of the project team (BBC, 2013; Local, 2013).   Its well documented that stakeholder engagement is a key factor which may affect a project’s success or failure (see as an example; Phillips et.al. 2012; Wang and Huang, 2006; Yuan et.al. 2009).   Therefore, it is imperative that the Board considers the ongoing stakeholder engagement and seek to learn from our recent experiences. Additionally, another important factor that the Board should consider is the implementation of contingency planning for the remainder of the project.   To date, a number of technical issues have arisen, however due to the lack of contingency planning in the early stages of the project the costs have now risen and the delivery timeline has increased (BBC, 2013; Local, 2013).   If contingency planning was utilised in the early stages of this project it is more likely that it could have been delivered (Thamhain, 1986) in line with the programme and on budget with the required quality standards (Anderson and Grude, 2009). Furthermore, another important lesson that the Board should consider is the importance of undertaking feasibility studies (Soderlund, 2002) and the appraisal of various management systems e.g. for fire safety or for baggage transportation.   To date, the delays in this project have stemmed from critical systems failures (Kerzner, 2012).   The importance of undertaking meaningful feasibility studies to achieve project success is well documented (see as an example: Mackenzie and Cusworth, 2007; McNulty, 2004).   Therefore, to ensure that these problems do not arise again, it is imperative that the Project Board seeks to review and plan how feasibility studies will be conducted for the remaining duration of this project. Each of these factors and the impacts that they have had on the project’s implementation to date (BBC, 2013; Local, 2013) must be considered by the Project Board at their next meeting (Anderson and Grude, 2009).   If these issues are considered, discussed and plans are implemented to seek to redress these (in line with the recommendations that have been outlined for each one above) it is possible that the project will be delivered within the revised programme, to budget whilst meeting the quality standards that are necessary (Mackenzie and Cusworth, 2007; McNulty, 2004).   This is imperative to seek to ensure that no more delays are caused by the project team and to ensure that the costs and project programme do not need to be increased further (Thamhain, 1986), as this will have a detrimental impact on how our stakeholders view the project. 4. Critical Reflections of the Role of a Project Manager Project managers need to have a variety of skills in order to successfully implement projects in a variety of settings.   The key skills that are pertinent to them being able to attain success are as follows: Be organised (Frame, 1999) Be able to multi-task (Kerzner, 2013) Being able to prioritise (Atkinson, 1999) Be able to disseminate information clearly (El-Sabaa, 2001) Be a leader of people (Pinto and Trailer, 1998) Be able to foresee issues and seek to mitigate them (Kerzner, 2003) Be able to understand costs and predict when these may increase. Be able to plan a project and manage its programme (Brown, 2000) Be able to engage stakeholders positively (Verma, 1996) Understand and communicate priorities so that the project team delivers on time (El-Sabaa, 2001). Be aware of quality standards and ensured that they are adhered to throughout the project (Atkinson, 1999) Each of these factors affects the successful implementation of projects (Kerzner, 2013).   To date, many of these skills have been learnt from practically implementing projects, as project manager’s gain experience through undertaking these their skills improve (El-Sabaa, 2001).   Through my experience, I have already gained many of these skills.   However, it is necessary for me to improve my communication and engagement skills as most of the work that I have undertaken has been away from relevant stakeholders or insider my project team.   Therefore, it would be useful to engage with some external stakeholders so that I could enhance my communication and engagement skills in practice (Brown, 2000). 5.Conclusion In conclusion, this report was compiled to seek to inform the project board of how our stakeholders may be perceiving delays which have arisen during the Brandenburg Airport project (BBC, 2013).   A number of solutions have been provided for the Project Board to consider.   It is hoped that the implementation of these will enable the project to be completed to quality standards, on time and to budget. 6. 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