Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico

Introduction Indigenous people own most of the expansive strips of undeveloped land in Mexico. These lands are renowned for holding numerous unexploited minerals, and in this respect, most of the mining companies target these lands leading to conflicts between the companies and the indigenous people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Anaya (2000), the conflict drastically affects the sustainability of the land pieces. Mining may have positive impacts on the lives of the indigenous people. For instance, it may give the indigenous people a chance to realise their goals through revenue generated from the mining industry. On the other hand, mining may offer employment opportunities to the indigenous people and thus alleviate their living standards. Nevertheless, if not well managed, mining may have unpleasant effects o n the livelihood of the indigenous people. It may pose numerous insolvency threats and threaten their sovereignty (Armienta et al. 2007). Indigenous people hardly hold their wealth in the form of income. Rather, their wealth is in the form of resources such as land that they associate with cultural values, environmental awareness, and institutions (Aronson 2009). The cultures of the indigenous people act as timelines that help members retrace their past, understand their present, and forecast what the future holds for them (Ballard Banks 2003). The timelines are restrained and hard to transfer to a different locality meaning that displacement of the indigenous people makes it hard for them to follow their development course.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aspect underlines why indigenous people are capable of surviving in marginalised areas that non-indigenous people are incapabl e of thriving in without relying on external resources like technology, capital, and energy. Modern human activities like mining have adverse effects on the indigenous people. Indigenous people in Mexico stage demonstrations against mining companies as an indication that they hardly benefit from the companies. This paper will focus on the effects of silver mining on indigenous people in Mexico. Encroachment into the sacred sites Most of the mining contracts in Mexico are awarded without consultation with the indigenous people. Besides, the government does not give the mining companies the actual demarcation of the area to carryout their mining activities. The companies end up extending their operations to territories owned by the indigenous people thus destroying their sacred sites. Failure to consult the indigenous people leads to mining companies encroaching into areas held sacred by the indigenous communities (Herringshaw 2004). The companies carryout their mining activities alon g routes used by indigenous people during their pilgrimage journeys. Besides, they excavate lands where indigenous people buried their ancestors. This scenario poses spiritual and social threats to the communities as the mining companies disrupt the peace of their ancestors. In 2011, a Canadian company entered into conflict with the Waxarika community after it won a contract to mine silver in San Luis Potosi. The region where the company was to mine silver is along a route used by Waxarika people on their way to pilgrimage journeys (Melinda 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, most of their ancestors are buried in this area. Allowing the company to go on with its mining process would have resulted in disturbing the peace of the ancestors. In most cases, indigenous people relocate their shrines and other sites wher e they hold religious ceremonies due to mining activities. Silver mining companies excavate their sacred sites forcing the communities to look for alternative sites (Tetreault 2011). Furthermore, the noise from the mining machines does not allow them to hold their religious ceremonies peacefully. For peaceful celebrations, indigenous communities relocate their sites to areas that are located far from the mining site. Environmental risks The environmental benefits and risks linked to mining may lead to inequality. From the start, the location of minerals sites determines which communities will benefit from the mining activities (Ali 2009). Since minerals are normally concentrated in one area, some groups of people may continue getting rich while others continue languishing in poverty. In addition, different regions suffer from the environmental damage caused by mining activities differently. The mode of mining, transportation facilities, and nature of the minerals dictate the level o f environmental damage caused. At times, local people are left to deal with toxic substances left behind by the mining companies after completing their mining processes. In addition to encroaching into sacred sites owned by the indigenous people, silver mining in Mexico poses environmental risks to the indigenous people. The mining process leads to ruin of vegetation cover and pollution of water and soil.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the process lowers the amount and quality of water and negatively affects the biodiversity of a place. This aspect in return affects the ability of the indigenous communities to acquire these significant resources. Normally, indigenous people depend on their environment for everything. They acquire most of their basic needs from their surroundings (Bocking 2012). Since mining disrupts the natural growth of the environment, the process makes it hard for nature to sustain the indigenous people. During the nineteenth century, silver mining in Real de Catorce led to degradation of vegetation cover in the area and contamination of water. Before then, the area was covered with a forest, but the process converted the area into a desert. In Natividad, mining activities led to water contamination in the area. Four years after the mining process started, the area experienced water shortages, which compelled environmentalists to order the closure of the mining company (Dore 2000). Th e company was accused of annihilating the aquifer that the community depended on for water supply. Mexico is popular for stringent environmental policies. Nevertheless, the country has limited number of government and private institutions that implement these policies. Consequently, the indigenous people end up paying the cost of environmental degradation caused by mining companies (Chapa 2006). During the mining process, companies use varied chemicals to extract ores. Regrettably, these chemicals are not treated before being released to the environment. Therefore, they pollute the air and damage crops exposing the local communities to health hazards and drought. Moreover, the mining companies use cyanide to extract silver and exposure to this chemical leaves the indigenous people vulnerable to impaired vision, headaches, and breathing problems (Hayden 2003). One of the challenges that the indigenous people face is the limited account for the environmental effects of silver mining. Hence, no matter how hard the aboriginals resist the activity, it is hard for them to receive full support from the government since they hardly substantiate their claims. Besides not treating chemicals before releasing them to the environment, silver mining companies do not dispose wastes left after silver extraction (Martinez-Alier 2001). Once they exhaust minerals in an area, the companies just reallocate to a new area leaving the Mexican government with the responsibility of disposing the waste. The government takes long to dispose these wastes subjecting the indigenous people to health problems. Loss of sovereignty One of the reasons why indigenous people resist mining activities in their areas is because mining takes away their sovereignty. Mining often affects institutions and indigenous lifestyles affecting their ability to provide for themselves (Gordon Webber 2008). Globally, indigenous communities observe their autonomous rights as equal members of the society in the sta te. Hence, the indigenous communities value their sovereignty just like the non-indigenous people, and use all means to preserve it whenever they sense any threat. Sovereignty does not only stand for sea rights and indigenous land (Hilson 2002a), but also refers to the ability of the indigenous communities to sustain themselves both politically and economically. Silver mining in Mexico affects the sovereignty of the indigenous people since it denies them the right to manage and control their lands. Besides, it becomes hard for communities to pass on their culture to subsequent generations. The establishment of mining activities comes in handy with foreign cultures. For instance, the Canadian silver mining companies operating in Mexico led to the introduction of Canadian cultures to the indigenous people. Interaction with the miners made it hard for the indigenous people to uphold their culture thus adopting some cultural practices from the miners. Indigenous people strongly attribut e their sovereignty to land and thus they highly value their land (Stromberg Tellman 2009). The survival of these people depends on the land and its resources. Hence, it is hard for the indigenous people to let go their land knowing that their life depends on it. Silver mining in Mexico deprives the indigenous people of their sovereignty since it leads to their displacement from their ancestral land. Normally, mining leads to privatisation of land that the aboriginals own communally. As mining companies assume ownership of these lands, the indigenous communities relocate to new areas. Initially, the Mexicans had the right to the land, and on the other hand, the nation had the right to all that was beneath the land. Hence, the indigenous people had influence on how the land was utilised in the country. It was hard for the authorities to initiate mining activities before getting the consent of the aboriginal communities. However, in 1990s the government came up with mineral reforms, which oppressed the aboriginals. The reforms gave miners the right to access lands without having to consult the people that own the land. Eventually, the indigenous people lost control of their land to foreign miners. Silver and gold mining in Mexico has led to loss of life, damage of property, impoverishment, and land destruction. Canadian mining companies have taken control of indigenous lands in Mexico, and in preparation for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexico ended up amending its constitution. The amendments made it possible for land privatisation leading to the entrance of foreign companies into the country. In addition, constitution amendment led to the massive sale of indigenous lands (â€Å"ejido†) to foreigners (Dhillon 2007). For decades, these lands were communally owned under the control of the indigenous people. The government had no control of these lands. However, changes made to the mining laws gave exploitation and exploration of minera ls precedence over the landowners. Hence, the indigenous people who used their land for agriculture and hunting had to give up the land to miners. In opposition to this move, some of the indigenous people ended up losing their lives or suffering permanent injuries. For instance, Bernardo Sanchez lost his life as he tried to mobilise people to oppose the activities of Fortuna Silver Mines (Weinberg 2007). According to Sanchez, the mining company had misled the community to allow it to operate on its land without clarifying on the consequences of the mining activity (Weinberg 2007). In addition, Sanchez claimed that the company was responsible for water shortage in the area and other water-related problems like contamination that the community experienced. Culture destabilisation Another effect of silver mining in Mexico is cultural destabilisation and disunity among the indigenous people. Before the mining companies arrived in Mexico, indigenous people coexisted in harmony. They prac ticed a common culture. However, mining companies led to division among the communities (Murillo 2009). After the indigenous people opposed the establishment of mining activities on their land, the companies devised mechanisms to win the trust from some of the people. Some people were promised jobs, which compelled then to accept and welcome the companies. Division emerged within the indigenous communities where some people opposed the mining companies while others embraced them. The companies took advantage of the level of poverty amongst indigenous people to win their trust. For instance, to win the trust from the local people, First Majestic Silver Company hired some of the local leaders in Wirikuta. The move aimed at creating a lift in the community thus polarising its opposition. The community could not speak in one voice since some leaders benefited from the project and could not accept to forfeit their jobs. Besides the division in the communities, silver mining led to the ab olishment of communism among the indigenous people with most of the people adopting an individualistic culture. Today, most of the indigenous people that work in the mining companies do not share their proceeds with others unlike in the past where people used to gather food and share as a community. Today, wages shape most of the cultural values of the indigenous people in Mexico. Individualism caused by the silver mining activity has disintegrated the social fabric of the indigenous people. It has not only broken up the extended families, but also led to disunity in the community. In the past, parents had time to stay with their children and teach them their culture. However, today parents spend most of their time in the mining companies leaving their relatives with the responsibility of taking care of the children. This has resulted in weaker interactions within families and the community at large. Apart from culture destabilisation, silver mining in Mexico led to the disruption o f leadership and social organisation. Initially, the indigenous communities lived in groups, and they had stable leadership systems. The leadership made all decisions on matters affecting the community. Nevertheless, when the mining companies came, they targeted individual leaders within the indigenous communities and used them to polarise the communities’ influence. Leaders were given jobs and promised monetary rewards if they could help the companies establish their operations. Prior to his death, Sanchez asserted that the mining companies entered their land and talked to individual landowners without consulting the entire community. The move disrupted the social organisation that the community had hitherto maintained. Leaders could not speak in one voice to oppose the companies, as some of them already had personal interests in the companies’ activities. The leaders gave up the interests of the community to pursue personal interests, and it was hard to convince them that allowing the mining activity to take place would have negative effects on their social and cultural values. Displacement and relocation A study on the Mexican neoliberal laws like NAFTA policies has shown that silver mining led to immense displacement and migration of the indigenous people. Since 1994, â€Å"more than fifteen million indigenous people in Mexico have relocated or been displaced from their ancestral lands† (Alexandra 2006, p.116). The mining industry in the country upholds a myth that mining is crucial for economic growth of the state. In spite of the mining companies offering jobs to the local people, most of these jobs are temporary and poorly paying. In Cerro de San Pedro, the indigenous people lost their lands and homes to the mining companies (Dunbar-Oritz 2007). They were displaced from their lands to give the mining company an opportunity to carry on with the mining activities. The move deprived the indigenous people of their right to live and work on their ancestral land. Moreover, relocation to new localities made it hard for communities to carry on with their cultural practices. Indigenous people have lived in their ancestral lands for decades. Hence, their culture and economic activities are entrenched into the land. Therefore, displacing the indigenous people from their ancestral land means breaking the course of their culture, as it is hard for them to relocate with all their cultural values, most of which are attached to their land. Impoverishment and wealth risks Activities that incapacitate people’s ability to improve, accrue, maintain, and pass on their affluence to subsequent generations seriously challenge the sustainability of the affected people. Individuals that are alien to indigenous culture may claim that mining activities do not pose wealth and impoverishment risks to the indigenous people (Hilson 2002b). They may argue that indigenous people suffer from unemployment and have limited wealth or revenu e, and thus introducing mining activities in their areas would hardly affect them. Those supporting the mining activities would argue that the endeavour would facilitate in reducing poverty in the area. Individuals supporting mining activities in indigenous lands claim that the government and the mining companies compensate the affected people by creating jobs in the mining companies. Nevertheless, not every effort that the government and mining companies make to reimburse the affected communities facilitate in mitigating the principal sustainability and impoverishment threats that the mining activities pose on the indigenous people. The earned revenues characterise only a diminutive fraction of the indigenous wealth. The wealth that props up the maintenance of the culture of indigenous people in Mexico lies on environmental awareness, institutions, and resources like land, which they attribute to some cultural values (Postero 2008). Silver mining in Mexico denies the indigenous peo ple the opportunity to access mutual resources, culturally fitting housing, identity, social support, food security, and localised prestige. The activity deprives the aboriginals the right to continue farming on their ancestral land, thus predisposes these people to food shortages (Swaney Olson 2007). Before mining companies arrived in Mexico, indigenous people were depending on their environment and resources that nature provides for them for sustenance. They depended on proceeds of the land for survival. Silver mining in Mexico subjects the indigenous people to impoverishment and wealth risks in varied ways. The mining activity breaks the course of economic and social life. Normally, local people abandon some of their economic activities and relocate to new places to give room for the mining companies (Van Young 2008). This affects the course of their social life as well as economic activities. Conclusion Silver mining in Mexico affects the indigenous people negatively. One would think that the aboriginals would benefit from job opportunities created by the mining companies. Silver mining has resulted to encroachment of sacred lands once held by the indigenous people. Some of the mining sites lie on the routes used by the indigenous people on their pilgrimage journeys. Besides, some mining activities take place on lands where indigenous people buried their ancestors. The mining activities lead to vegetation degradation coupled with water and soil contamination, which makes it hard for communities to depend on their land. Indigenous people lose their sovereignty as they no longer have control of their ancestral land and cannot go on with their cultural practices without interference. Miners target individual leaders within the community to win their trust and get permission to operate in the area. In the process, they disrupt social organisation and destroy the leadership system used by the indigenous people. Silver mining leads to displacement and relocatio n of the indigenous people. Hence, silver mining seriously challenges sustainability of the indigenous people in Mexico. Reference List Alexandra, V 2006, Tracing Neoliberalism in Mexico: Historical Displacement and  Survival Strategies for Mixtec Fam on the U.S. – Mexico Border, University of Arizona Press, Arizona. Ali, S 2009, Mining, the Environment, and Indigenous Development Conflict  University of Arizona Press, Arizona. Anaya, S 2000, Indigenous Peoples Law in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford: Armienta, M, Rodriguez, C, Ongley, K, Brust, H, Morales, F, Aguayo, A, Cruz, O Ceniceros, N 2007, ‘Origin and fate of arsenic in a historic mining area of Mexico’,  Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment, vol. 9 no.1, pp.473-498. Aronson, S 2009, Aboriginal Land Rights, Self-Counsel Press, Vancouver. Ballard, C Banks, G 2003, ‘Resource Wars: The Anthropology of Mining’, Annual  Review of Anthropology, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 287-314. Bocking, P 2012, Mexican farmers battle Canadian mine for control of their land. Web. Chapa, J 2006, ‘Wage labour in the periphery: Silver mining in colonial Mexico’,  Review, vol. 4 no. 3, pp. 509-534. Dhillon, M 2007, Made in Canada violence: mining in Mexico. Web. Dore, E 2000, ‘Environment and society: long-term trends in Latin American mining’,  Environment and History, vol. 6 no. 1, pp.1-29. Dunbar-Oritz, R 2007, Roots of Resistance: A History of Land Tenure in Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma. Gordon, T Webber, J 2008, ‘Imperialism and resistance: Canadian mining Companies in Latin America’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 63-87. Hayden, C 2003, When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of  Bioprospecting in Mexico, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Herringshaw, V 2004, ‘Natural Resources – Curse or Blessing?’, New Economy, vol. 11 no. 3, pp. 174-178. Hil son, G 2002a, ‘An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities’, Land  Use Policy, vol. 19 no.1, pp. 65-73. Hilson, G 2002b, ‘Small-scale mining, and its socio-economic impact in developing Countries’, Natural Resources Forum, vol. 26 no. 1, pp.3-13. Martinez-Alier, J 2001, ‘Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation’,  Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 86 no. 3, pp.153-170. Melinda, B 2012, ‘Mining sacred space: law’s enactment of competing ontologies in the American West’, Environment and Planning, vol. 44 no. 6, pp. 1443-1458. Murillo, D 2009, ‘The creation of indigenous leadership in a Spanish town: Zacatecas, Mexico’, Ethnohistory, vol. 56 no. 4, pp.669-698. Postero, N 2008, ‘Indigenous response to neoliberalism’, Political and Legal  Anthropology Review, vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 73-92. Stromberg, J Tellman, B 2009, Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River,  Uni versity of Arizona Press, Arizona. Swaney, J Olson, I 2007, ‘The economics of biodiversity: lives and lifestyles’,  Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 1-25. Tetreault, D 2011, Sacred indigenous site in Mexico threatened by Canadian mining  Company. Web. Van Young, E 2008, ‘Agrarian rebellion and defence of community: meaning and collective violence in late colonial and independence-era Mexico’, Journal of Social  History, vol. 27 no. 2, pp. 245-269. Weinberg, B 2007, Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico.  Donnelly Sons Co., New York. This essay on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico was written and submitted by user Shania Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Appraisal of healing in place of decline. Hamilton, Canada. Essay Example

Critical Appraisal of healing in place of decline. Hamilton, Canada. Essay Example Critical Appraisal of healing in place of decline. Hamilton, Canada. Essay Critical Appraisal of healing in place of decline. Hamilton, Canada. Essay Essay Topic: Hamilton Landscapes of a place provide for hurting or healing an individual living in the place. A place of residence provides identity and security to the person. It is the â€Å"setting of daily life† (Gesler 1992, 1993; Porteous. 1990). With improvement in economic conditions industrial places were labeled as ‘places of decline’. â€Å"Access to unadulterated nature and to green space has become central to conceptions of individual health and community well being† (Gesler, 1993; de Vries et el 2003; Takano et al; 2002). Certain places may become stigmatized and the people living in these places are assumed to lack awareness. â€Å"Individuals rarely identify their own neighborhood as polluted in relation to others. †(Bush et al 2001 and Bickerstaff and Walker 2001). The main objective of the case study made by Sarah Wakefield and Colin McMullan on Hamilton, an industrial city in Canada is to establish that renegotiation of local place image is central to the maintenance of wellbeing of its residents. The Central theme of this study is based on, how healing processes play a part in less than pristine places, unhealthy places. The case study includes in depth interviews with local residents, local officials and reports with details of descriptions of the areas and the feedback responses from the respondents between July 1996 and March 1999. Three separate research programs conducted in two suburban communities . It had a sample population of respondents with maximum difference in age, gender, distance from site of pollution, neighbor hood types, respiratory health, with or without children and members of local and environmental group. The third group also consisted of prominent Municipal members, representatives of the local government, health and social service organizations. Data collected from different groups, tape-recorded interviews transcribed and analyzed developed a set of key themes of relevance . They told similar stories. Steel industry formed the backbone of Hamilton and the people here earned more . The city appeared a smoke piled, ugly industrial wasteland known as the ‘Birmingham of Canada’, (Peace, 1989, p. 76) with the image of an ‘ugly blue collar town’ (Elliot. 1999). Northeast Hamilton had a bigger proportion of low income households, low in education, more unemployed, less ethnically diverse and high home owners. The physical environment of Hamilton was hazardous, with local harbor being the dumping ground for sewage and industrial waste. The Socio-demographic figures on Ontario’s health survey, endorse the above facts. Air pollution remains, with dust smoke odor, making an extensive effect on daily life. Social and environmental ills of north-east Hamilton make it a poorer health place than the rest of the city. Over the last four years, extensive cleanup efforts have been taken. Effort made on image makeover began with citizens reorienting themselves by associating with ‘good’ places that are recognized as healthy urban areas and alienating themselves from more polluted ‘bad’ areas like ‘North-end’. The residents tried to reduce the social stigma of staying here, by taking pride in having home ownerships and strong social connections. Image reconstruction occurred at two scales, one at the regional level attempting to redefine the place as a naturally inviting place, and the other at the local level emphasizing health making features, drawing marginal boundaries, promoting the healthy aspect of social ties, reliability and mutual help. The positive features of image constructions say, that, even if a place is understood to be disadvantageous, its residents may still vouch for the health affirming features related to their daily lives. The author of the study Sarah Wakefield and Colin McMullan have drawn up a fairly detailed and factual study of therapeutic landscaping in Hamilton, an industrial city in Canada. The author wants to point out that a place or dwelling may be marked as ‘good ‘or ’bad’ depending on the healthy features associated with the place. Yet its residents may not agree with the ‘bad’ element of the place in totality. The facts and figures given by the authors corroborate the findings, making the study a true experience. The details of experience of the residents only add to the conformity of the study. Thus the arguments raised by the authors are well supported with facts, figures, and feedback from the residents. The introduction to the study appears too elaborate and abstract, making it difficult to hold the span of attention of the reader. Comprehending the real purpose of study is vague and makes room for boredom to creep in. The style of writing is not much clear. Facts stated are not crisp and to the point. Too many facts have been brought under the consideration for a reader, adding to the ambiguity of the exploration. Actual information has been, more or less, lost between the quotes and citations made by the authors. Absence of clear demarcation of topics in paragraphs has made the whole reading lackluster. The interest wanes in the beginning and it is only after the feedback details of the interview are placed, that reading of the study gathers momentum. I think the paper should be given an ‘average’ grade. There is plenty of room for improvement in making the reading interesting. Language structure needs to be kept simple. The complex sentences used makes comprehension difficult. The completeness of the study definitely speaks for the success of the exploration, but it is complete with its limitations. Work Cited Bickerstaff. K. Walker. G. 2001. Public Understanding of air pollution: the ‘localization’ of environmental risk. Global Environmental Change (2) 133-145. Bush. J. Moffatl. S. Dunn. C, 2001. Even the birds round here coughs: Stigma, air pollution and health in Teesside Health and Place 7 (1) 47-56. Elliot. H. 1999. Restoring Balance is the Goal, Hamilton Spectator, 15 Dec, ppA12. DeVries, S. Verheej. R. A, Groeneweger. P. PSpreeuwenbergP. 2003, Natural environments healthy environments, an exploratory analysis of the relationship between geenspace and health Environment Planning, A35 (1717-1731). Gesler. W. M. 1998, Bath as a healing place. In Kearns R. A. Puting Health into Place. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York pp 17-35. Gesler . W. M. 1991, the Cultural Geography of Healthcare, University of Pittsburg Press, Pittsburgh, PA. Gesler. W. M. 1992, Therapeutic Landscape: Media issues in light of the new cultural geography. Social Science and Medicine 34, 735-746. Peace. W. 1989 Landscape of Victorian Hamilton: the use of visual materials in recreating interpreting the past. Urban History Review xviii 75-85.

Investment Incentives Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investment Incentives - Research Paper Example The sectorial incentives may also be offered by a country in order to encourage or promote development of various sectors of the economy that are very important for the development of the country as a whole. Some sectors may therefore be exempted from taxation or VAT in order to encourage the development of such sectors like gaming activities and medical activities in a country (Sola, 2013 p.12). Incentives are also offered in form of export incentives in order to promote the markets of various products like coffee and tea which are produced in that country. This helps in widening the markets for such agricultural products. The provision of incentives has been effective in the transfer of technology especially in the production and manufacturing sectors. This, therefore, helped in the transmission of relevant knowledge and expertise in the production of various goods and commodities. The incentives played a crucial role in encouraging foreign investors leading to development of most countries especially in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors through sectorial incentives and investment tax deductions. On the other hand, the tax incentives that aimed at reducing poverty levels in some countries led to higher costs compared to the benefits. The costs of administering such incentives made them burdensome to the

Why do you think some aviation hazards go unreported How might you Essay

Why do you think some aviation hazards go unreported How might you change attitudes of people who do not report such problems - Essay Example dents tend to go unreported is because they are considered either to be minor or there is lack of knowledge as to the effect that such minor incidents may have in the long term. The most important step that needs to be undertaken and is being undertaken is the fact that awareness of such hazards and their knowledge is given to the crew so that they are able to interpret the potential hazard and its outcome. Furthermore pressurizing the crew to report such incidents and any untoward incident which might be a potential hazard should be done. The training on such aviation hazards should be made mandatory. The occurrences of such hazards and the threats they pose have been taken into account by many aviation authorities and there have been measures undertaken so that such hazards do not go unreported which include developing simple reporting system. However, until and unless strict implementation is adhered to the customary practices of such hazards going unreported would continue. The measures that need to be adopted are prolonged but are of

The use of spinal immobilisation in the prehospital environment An Essay

The use of spinal immobilisation in the prehospital environment An investigative study - Essay Example Findings such as continuous oozing, subcutaneous emphysema and especially expanding haematoma were initially missed. Current literature does not directly address the indications, benefit and risk concerning so-called immobilization for penetrating neck injuries. This is true for both journals and major trauma textbooks. Most authors simply recommend that all patients with such injuries should be immobilized, or merely state that such is the practice in their emergency department and pre-hospital trauma care. Even the manual of the ATLS does not make a distinction between blunt and penetrating neck trauma, generally stating that "any patient with a suspected spine injury must be immobilized above and below the suspected injury site until injury has been excluded by roentgenograms". In addition it stresses that "cervical spine injury requires continuous immobilization of the entire patient with a semi-rigid cervical collar, backboard, tape and straps before and during transfer to a definite-care facility". (Sauerland, 2004) In depth analysis of the text following these statements reveals that the au thor is referring only to casualties from blunt injury! Although there is no proven benefit of spin... Immobilization has been demonstrated to cause back and head pain, resulting in an increased number of radiographs required to clear the spine in the emergency department (ED). Rigid spine immobilization can also cause pressure-related tissue breakdown, restrict respirations, and, if used aggressively, actually cause spinal cord injury. (Jones, 2004) Importance of Spinal Immobilization ED studies have confirmed the ability of clinical criteria to reliably determine the need for spine radiographs, although the majority of these have addressed only the cervical spine. Stevens reported that only a small number of patients with cervical spine injury escaped capture using clinical clearance criteria in the ED. Although the ED use of clinical spine clearance protocols has been reported, the validity of using a similar protocol in the EMS setting has not been fully addressed. The goal of prehospital management of SCI is to reduce neurological deficit and to prevent any additional loss of neurological function. (March, 2002) Therefore, prehospital management at the scene should include a rapid primary evaluation of the patient, resuscitation of vital functions (airway, breathing, circulation; the "ABCs"), a more detailed secondary assessment, and finally definitive care (including transport and admission to a trauma centre). Moreover, after arrival at the scene, it is impo rtant to "read" the scene and to appreciate the mechanism of injury in order to identify the potential for SCI. Prehospital management in general and the management of the airway and ventilation in particular should include immobilisation of the spine in suspicious cases to reduce the risk of a secondary SCI. (Hoffman, 2000) Cardiovascular

Theory of Automata: Construction of Symbolic Language

Theory of Automata: Construction of Symbolic Language Rubina Naz M Arslan Riaz ABSTRACT: Conventions for translating ordinary language statements into symbolic notation and many of places are use symbolic language for communication. And alphabet is a finite set of discriminatable and irreducible symbols that can be used either as such, or as representations of some other such set for communication. This abstracts and refines the linguistically idea of alphabet where the symbols map to sounds in a most highly contextual way, most especially in English, which because of its multilingual basis is rather unphonetic in a strict sense. The first thing we are going to do is to learn the elements of this new language. The second is to learn to translate ordinary language grammar into symbolic notation. The third thing is to consider arguments in this new language. Table of Contents (Jump to) INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK Target Specifications METHODOLOGY SATES FOR AUTOMATA REGULAR LANGUAGE REGULAR EXPRESSION DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA REGULAR LANGUAGE REGULAR EXPRESSION TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Basic Hand Signals with inputs Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA REGULAR LANGUAGE REGULAR EXPRESSION TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Basic Hand Signals with inputs Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA REGULAR LANGUAGE REGULAR EXPRESSION TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Basic Hand Signals with inputs Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA REGULAR LANGUAGE REGULAR EXPRESSION TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE FEATURES OF A SYMBOLIC MODEL List of tables (Jump to) Table 1[1]:basic five signals Table 2:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 3:Inputs with States Table 4:TRANSIATION TABLE Table 5:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE(cntd†¦.) Table 6:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 7:Inputs with States Table 8:TRANSIATION TABLE Table 9:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Table 10:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 11:Inputs with States Table 12:TRANSIATION TABLE Table 13:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Table 14:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 15:Inputs with States Table 16:TRANSIATION TABLE Table 17:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Table 18:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 19:Inputs with States Table 20:TRANSIATION TABLE INTRODUCTION The Symbolic Function of language is the mechanism by which meaning is attached to form. It is the pairing of form and meaning; the symbolic function is a sense-making utility that labels objects (referents) with â€Å"names† that map to a conceptualized meaning. The Communicative Function of language is the means by which parties exchange notions of combined symbols in conventionalized ways to share conceptualizations in a relational way. This includes the ability to alter states of the world, to express internalizations, and to situate meaning in ad hoc frames that draw on world knowledge and encyclopedic knowledge. These two functions interact in a number of ways, actual usage of symbols to communicate being one of those interactions – this may work to explain how idioms form, as the symbols are used in communication to attach meaning to a symbolic construction – entrenched usage normalizing the idiomatic construction into a common unit of communication. Ideally, these tasks would be automated. Symbolic execution is a particularly successful technique for exploring multiple execution paths fully automatically. It has been used to communicate with particular words. The sign language used by the Deaf Community in the UK is called British Sign Language (BSL). manual components, including hand shapes and movements, facial expression and body movements to express meaning, and can be used to express a full range of meaning. What makes the difference issymbolic languagewhich makes significant cultural transmission feasible. But the ideas, the imagination are triggering the century compiled collective knowledge and power in this symbolic language. It was found that at a general level there are many commonalities in thesymbolic languageused in each country. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK Main objective of this report is how a person can easily communicate and transfer their data or thought without knowing other person. In the report with the help of automata particular engineers can recognized or may only of that person who are involve with them. Target Specifications Valid target languages for model specifications in symbolic language is help to achieve great way of communication and understanding way of talking. The main target is to passing our thought with the help of symbols and transferring our massage easily METHODOLOGY Refers to communication that involves a shared message between the sender and the receiver. Examples of symbolic communication include speech, sign language, writing (print or Braille), picture communication systems, and tactile communication systems. It could be said that everyone employs augmentative communication methods for much of the time. When holding a conversation we contribute to the meaning of the words used in many ways, including facial expression, gesture and body language, or by yawning. These additions can add to the meaning of the words used, or even reverse them completely Symbol systems A variety of symbol systems are in common use. They have generally been developed to suit users and listeners who have difficulty with understanding written language, e.g. people with learning difficulties or young children. Systems can also be combined with individually designed symbols, objects and photographs if required. Table 1[1]:basic five signals Table 2:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 3:Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA Total states are required for making Automata for function and construction of symbolic language which are describing by the alphabets the initiation state is Q0 which are connect to all (a,b,c,d,e)and final Qf is also connect with all The input a indicates the You The input b indicates the Me The input c indicates the Watch or see The input d indicates the Go The input e indicates the I understand REGULAR LANGUAGE L={a,b,c,d,e}* REGULAR EXPRESSION r.e=(ab,ac,ad,a†¦.) Table 4:TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE Table 5:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE(cntd†¦.) Table 6:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 7:Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA Total states are required for making Automata for function and construction of symbolic language which are describing by the alphabets the initiation state is Q0 which are connect to all (f,g,h,i,j)and final Qf is also connect with all The input f indicates the Come The input g indicates the Listen The input h indicates the Hurry The input i indicates the Hold The input j indicates the Column Information REGULAR LANGUAGE L={f,g,h,I,j}* REGULAR EXPRESSION r.e=(ff,fg,fh,fi,fj,gh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) Table 8:TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE Table 9:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Table 10:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 11:Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA Total states are required for making Automata for function and construction of symbolic language which are describing by the alphabets the initiation state is Q0 which are connect to all (k,l,m,n,o)and final Qf is also connect with all The input k indicates the Move Up The input l indicates the Hestage The input m indicates the Obstacle The input n indicates the Stop The input o indicates the Rally Point REGULAR LANGUAGE L={k,l,m,n,o}* REGULAR EXPRESSION r.e=(kk,kl,km,kn,ko,lm,ln†¦.) Table 12:TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE Table 13:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Table 14:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 15:Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA Total states are required for making Automata for function and construction of symbolic language which are describing by the alphabets the initiation state is Q0 which are connect to all (p,q,r,s,t)and final Qf is also connect with all The input p indicates the Enemy The input q indicates the Sniper The input r indicates the Pistle The input s indicates the Riffle The input t indicates the Shotgun REGULAR LANGUAGE L={p,q,r,s,t}* REGULAR EXPRESSION r.e=(pp,pq,pr,ps,pt,qr†¦) Table 16:TRANSIATION TABLE DFA MACHINE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE Table 17:BASIC HAND SIGNALS INDICATES THE SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE (contd†¦.) Table 18:Basic Hand Signals with inputs Table 19:Inputs with States SATES FOR AUTOMATA Total states are required for making Automata for function and construction of symbolic language which are describing by the alphabets the initiation state is Q0 which are connect to all (u,v,w)and final Qf is also connect with all The input u indicates the Door The input v indicates the Window The input w indicates the Point to entry REGULAR LANGUAGE L={u,v,w}*

Shakespeare Theme Essay

A. P. Literature How does Shakespeare express theme through language? Shakespeare, an extraordinary writer, uses many literary techniques which prove his mastery of English. His most fascinating technique however, is displaying theme through language. In his play â€Å"Hamlet†, Shakespeare uses language to address existential dilemma, truth, and death. These themes significantly shape â€Å"Hamlet† into the masterpiece it is. In his play, Shakespeare expresses existential dilemma through Hamlet. Hamlet’s life so far has gone roughly in a negative direction.His father, the King of Hamlet, has passed away; and disappointingly, Hamlet comes back to a crowd that is busy acknowledging the new king, Claudius, and is forgetting about the death of his father. Shakespeare uses language to express theme through Hamlet’s soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be†. In his soliloquy, Hamlet asks himself whether he should kill himself, or keep going. Hamlet illustrate s the strain that many people feel at one point or another, the world is just too much. Another theme that Shakespeare expresses in his play through language is truth. For a â€Å"madman† such as Hamlet, he is pretty intent on getting his facts straight.Hamlet wants to be sure Claudius is his father’s murderer before he takes any drastic action. After being enraged by his father’s speech, Hamlet tries to find out the truth. In Act 3, Scene 2, Hamlet stages a play called â€Å"Mousetrap†, which portrays the death scene his father described. During that scene, Hamlet intends to watch Claudius to see if he expresses guilt. Through language, Shakespeare shows truth. Hamlet goes to great measures of finding out what is true; expressing a view that believing if another is honest is a matter of great trust, or great naivete. Lastly, Shakespeare expresses through language the theme of death.In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet encounters death through his fatherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ghost, and in Polonius’s and Ophelia’s demises. These run ins prompt Hamlet to look at death through different angles. For instance, the ghost of his father causes Hamlet to think about the spiritual aftermath of death. After Polonius’s death in Act 4, Hamlet compares death to the â€Å"Worm that ate the king’s corpse, that might be used to catch a fish to feed a beggar†. In other words, Shakespeare comments that death is a great equalizer, or as a stepping stone to truth away from an ambiguous dishonest world.Hamlet is a play that strongly represents the themes of the world through the language of art. Shakespeare enforces his views of the world through events that can be decoded into many messages. With just a few characters and occurrences, Shakespeare is able to illustrate themes such as existential dilemma, truth, and death. Through its many ingenious themes, â€Å"Hamlet† can be considered an outline of the treacherous world w e live in. If you take anything for granted, or trust everything you hear, your path will become a difficult one.

Heritage assessment Essay

Kizlik [2014] argues that the purpose of a learning objective is to communicate, and that a well-constructed behavioral learning objective should have little room for doubt about what is intended. Health professionals in designing educational programs to engage both patients as well as families, should be able to taper the task or objective to the specific patient and their family; for them to be able to explain what you taught them and for them to be able to demonstrate it. On the Euromed Info website, on Developing Learning Objectives. Retrieved from http://www.euromedinfo.eu/developing-learning-objectives.html/ [n.d.] state that â€Å"a simple and practical way of developing learning objectives is to start with the words, WHO, DOES WHAT, HOW and WHEN.† For the purpose of this exercise the learning objective will be for the patient and the family to be able to change an ostomy bag in a patient with a newly formed colostomy. It is important to find out from the patient and th e family which learning styles work for them, example whether reading of pamphlets, one on one teaching or visual aids. Also the condition or ability of the patient to perform the task, e.g. is the patient strong and well enough to perform the task or are they too weak from being ill. In using the learning objectives cited above, WHO- will be the patient and family DOES- list the components needed WHAT-changing a stoma bag HOW – by performing task or stating how to WHEN- by discharge The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations [JCAHO] as cited on the Euromed Info website on Family Structure and Style, retrieved from [http://www.euromedinfo.eu/family-structure-and-style.html/] defines the family as â€Å"the person or persons who play a significant role in the individual’s life including persons not legally related to the individual. â€Å"How a family functions influences the health of its members as well as how the individual reacts to illness† retrieved from http://www.euromedinfo.eu/family-structure-and-style.html . In the light of this , having the family understand the rationale behind the treatment and steps on how to help the patient change this stoma bag will assist the  patient to be more confident in changing their stoma bag and also in dealing and coping with this new health change. REFERENCES http://www.adprima.com/objectives.htm http://www.euromedinfo.eu/developing-learning-objectives.html/ http://www.euromedinfo.eu/family-structure-and-style.htm

Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line

Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line The term budget line has several related meanings, including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not. The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer Understanding   The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations its the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75 X, she can then spend only .25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.   This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics, which is explained below.   Lines in a Budget Before turning to the economics definition of budget line, consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. Theres nothing very complicated about this; in this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified. The Budget Line as an Economics Concept   One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above a consumers informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally. A Simple Budget Line Graph To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set. If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above 0 on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. Youll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets. If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot youll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.

Economic Analysis Of Hawaii Essays (1356 words) - Hawaii

Economic Analysis Of Hawaii Essays (1356 words) - Hawaii Economic Analysis of Hawaii Hawaii, with an area of 28,313 sq. km (10,932 sq. mi.), is the 43rd largest state in the U.S.; 6.9% of the land is owned by the federal government. It consists mainly of the Hawaiian Islands, eight main islands and 124 islets, reefs, and shoals. The major islands in order of size are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Nihau, and Kahoolawe. Population growth has increased by 80,000 persons over the past five years. Demographics show a large number of Hispanic origin: Asian Hispanics are the most populated with white Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic following. Hawaii's economy has been long dominated by plantation agriculture and military spending. As agriculture has declined in importance, the economy has diversified to encompass a large tourist business and a growing manufacturing industry. Hawaii's economy has changed drastically since statehood. In 1958, defense, sugar, and pineapple were the primary economic activities, accounting for 40% of Gross State Product (GSP). In contrast, visitor-related expenditures stood at just over 4% of Hawaii's GSP prior to statehood. Today the positions are reversed; sugar and pineapple constitute about 1% of GSP, defense accounts for just under 11%, while visitor-related spending comes close to 24% of Hawaii's GSP. The movement toward a service- and trade-based economy becomes even more apparent when considering the distribution of Hawaii's jobs across sectors. The share of the economy's jobs accounted for by manufacturing and agriculture have declined steadily since 1959 and each currently makes up less than 4% of total jobs in the economy. At the same time, the shares of jobs in wholesale and retail trade and in services have risen, standing at about 23% and 28%, respectively. Since 1991, Hawaii's economy has suffered from rising rates of unemployment . This stands in marked contrast to the period 1980 to 1993, when the state enjoyed very low unemployment rates relative to the nation as a whole. But by 1994 the recession had raised Hawaii's unemployment rate to the national average (6.1%) for the first time in 15 years. In 1995, the state's unemployment rate improved slightly in the first eleven months of the year to 5.4 percent, a 0.6 percentage point decline from the first eleven months of 1994. Despite the lower unemployment rate, the total number of wage and salary jobs declined by 0.6 percent during the first eleven months of 1995. This was due in part to a fall in part-time jobs which are often held by persons who also have primary jobs elsewhere in the economy. The number of construction jobs declined by more than 7 percent in the same period. Other industriesnamely, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, communications/utilities, and finance, insurance, and real estateexperienced declines in the number of jobs as well. Jobs in retail trade and services, however, increased 2.2 percent and 0.5 percent, respectively, reflecting an increase in visitor spending since 1994. Following a dismal first quarter due to the Kobe earthquake, there was steady growth in the tourism sector in 1995 with increases in the number of visitor arrivals and hotel room rates. The number of visitor arrivals to the State increased 3.2 percent during the first eleven months of 1995. The increase in the value of the Japanese yen vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar during this period contributed to a rise in eastbound visitors in the second and third quarter of 1995 by 11.8 percent and 15.4 percent, respectively. However, in the first eleven months of 1995, the number of westbound visitors remained flat. This year is the 11th year in a row that the U.S. has experienced reduced spending on national defense. The continued reduction is due to the decline in superpower tensions and the political disintegration of the Soviet and East European-block during this decade which have prompted the Congress and Administration to initiate significant cuts in the level of defense expenditures in recent years. However, because of the strategic location of Hawaii in the Pacific this changing military posture has not significantly affected Hawaii's $3.7 billion Federal defense sector. The construction industry continued its decline in the first eleven months of 1995. This loss was mainly due to decreasing demand exacerbated by higher interest rates during the first half of 1995, following a 12.4 percent drop in 1994. Another reason is that construction costs rose by 15 percent from 1992 to 1995, which is much higher than the consumer inflation rate of 8 percent during the same period. Agriculture jobs, including self-employed, showed a 6.6 percent decline in the first eleven months of 1995 from the same period in 1994. In the earlier part of

Teaching Vocabulary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching Vocabulary - Essay Example Teaching Vocabulary demands the use of various strategies as not all the students have the same capabilities to understand and comprehend the foreign as well as local languages. The issue of teaching vocabulary of a foreign language becomes more complicated due to the common lack of understanding of the foreign language of the children. (Council) It also further depends as to how the children are willing to learn and what methods can effectively be used to teach the children in most optimum way so that the capabilities of the children are maximized. However large part of this learning depends upon the curriculum and various ideologies of curriculum adopted by the schooling systems to impart knowledge into the students. This further trickles down to the goals and objectives set by the teacher in teaching the class. Therefore the issue of teaching vocabulary and various methods of teaching it largely depend upon the way a teacher intends to follow the overall plan of teaching the students. This essay will look into the various strategies for teaching the vocabulary to the students however, before doing so we will be discussing various curriculum methodologies which are being followed in order to set stage for our final analysis of the situation. Curriculum Ideologies Curriculum ideologies are defined as beliefs about what schools should teach, for what ends, and for what reasons. (Lu). All schools have at least one ideology - and usually more than one - that provides direction to their functions. An ideology can be tacit rather than explicit. Curriculum is the way through which these different ideologies can be implemented. The curriculum refers to the content and purpose of an educational program together with their organization. Curriculum is one of developing knowledge through which it can be organized into subjects and fields for educational purposes. Curriculum is also a way to ask questions as to how the knowledge and learning are linked to particular educational purposes. It is because of this reason that curriculum is considered as a best tool for learning. As many pedagogues have noted in their work, both radical pedagogy and critical theory have struggled Sisyphus-like against the forces of vocationalization, corporatization, the instit utionalized Romantic Humanist educational curriculum, and the commodification of knowledge that currently plague institutes of learning today. Apart from that there was also an attempt to institutionalize the critical theory. In this issue, theorists and teachers discuss the practical difficulties in "transforming thinking and revising habitual ways of reading texts and reading the world in their students." (Spurlin) Ideological positions pertaining to curriculum and to other aspects of education exist in a state of tension or conflict. They are competing on what schools should teach and for what ends in a political marketplace. Regardless of how powerful an ideological view may be in an individual's or even group's orientation to the world, it is seldom adequate to determine what the school curriculum shall be. There is a political process that inevitably must be employed to move from ideological commitment to practical

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Education - Essay Example cer by another name does not cure cancer, there is a need to confront the eligibility problem by strengthening the supportive attitude on children with disabilities, while introducing honest-to-goodness approaches to the admission problem on special children (Howard, 2012). The Lavender Scare came along Senator McCarthy’s Red Scare which prejudged homosexuals in Federal Government to be morally depraved and likely to sell classified information to Communists. State policies and laws caused homosexuals to lose their government jobs, while repressing the gay and lesbian subculture which once flourished during the Roosevelt administration. The Lavender Scare backfired and served as the roots of the gay rights movement. Court cases gave victories to homosexuals until discrimination was finally outlawed under the Civil Service Law (Johnson, n.d.). The Obama administration set the policy allowing homosexuals in the military establishment to openly reveal their sexual orientation without losing their employment. In some states today, gays enjoy same-sex marriage rights, while women have gained the right to priestly ordination in some Churches. Sex and gender biases have started to fade away. On teacher interaction with boys and girls, researches show that boys may need more attention from educators as two-thirds of them are labeled as learning disabled, alcoholic, drug violators and juveniles. On the other hand, women rights advocates claim girls need more attention from teachers, while eliminating negative attention being given to them (Gilah, 1987). Researches continue to establish patterns for teacher interactions with boys and/or girls. Already, male teachers coach girls’ sports teams, but a TV series like Glee portrayed the bias against women teachers coaching boys’ teams. Professional attitudes among educators may yet solve the problem of bias in teacher-student gender